Sabbin ayyuka a masana'antar mai da iskar gas ta Rasha, gami da kan teburin Arctic, suna alƙawarin ci gaba da haɓaka kasuwar cikin gida don rufin hana gurɓatawa.
Annobar COVID-19 ta kawo babban tasiri, amma na ɗan gajeren lokaci ga kasuwar hydrocarbons ta duniya. A watan Afrilun 2020, buƙatar mai a duniya ta kai matsayi mafi ƙanƙanta tun 1995, inda ta rage farashin man fetur na Brent zuwa dala $28 a kowace ganga bayan ƙaruwar da ta fi sauri a yawan man da ake samarwa.
A wani lokaci, farashin mai na Amurka ya koma mara kyau a karon farko a tarihi. Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan ban mamaki ba su hana ayyukan masana'antar mai da iskar gas ta Rasha ba, tunda ana hasashen cewa buƙatar hydrocarbons a duniya za ta dawo da sauri.
Misali, Hukumar Kula da Albarkatun Man Fetur ta Duniya (IEA) na sa ran buƙatar mai za ta dawo da matsayinta kafin rikicin da zaran shekarar 2022 ta fara. Ci gaban buƙatar iskar gas - duk da raguwar da aka samu a shekarar 2020 - ya kamata ya dawo a cikin dogon lokaci, har zuwa wani mataki, saboda hanzarta sauyawar iskar gas zuwa ga makamashin duniya.
Manyan kamfanonin Rasha Lukoil, Novatek da Rosneft, da sauransu suna da shirin ƙaddamar da sabbin ayyuka a fannin haƙar mai da iskar gas a ƙasa da kuma a kan shelf na Arctic. Gwamnatin Rasha tana ganin amfani da rijiyoyin Arctic ta hanyar LNG a matsayin babban abin da zai mayar da hankali a kan Dabarun Makamashi na shekarar 2035.
A wannan fanni, buƙatar Rasha ta shafa fenti mai hana tsatsa shi ma yana da hasashen da ke nuna cewa za a samu riba mai yawa. Jimillar tallace-tallace a wannan fanni ya kai Rub18.5 biliyan a shekarar 2018 (dala miliyan 250), a cewar wani bincike da ƙungiyar bincike ta Discovery Research Group da ke Moscow ta gudanar. An shigo da fenti na Rub7.1 biliyan ($90 miliyan) zuwa Rasha, kodayake shigo da kayayyaki a wannan fanni yana raguwa, a cewar masu sharhi.
Wata hukumar ba da shawara da ke Moscow, Concept-Center, ta kiyasta cewa tallace-tallace a kasuwa sun kama tsakanin tan 25,000 zuwa 30,000 a fannin zahiri. Misali, a shekarar 2016, an kiyasta kasuwar amfani da fenti mai hana tsatsa a Rasha ta kai Rub biliyan 2.6 ($42 miliyan). Ana kyautata zaton kasuwar tana ci gaba da bunkasa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata tare da matsakaicin saurin kashi biyu zuwa uku a kowace shekara.
Mahalarta kasuwar sun nuna kwarin gwiwa, bukatar rufe fuska a wannan bangare za ta karu a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, duk da cewa tasirin annobar COVID-19 bai ragu ba tukuna.
"A bisa hasashenmu, buƙata za ta ƙaru kaɗan [a cikin shekaru masu zuwa]. Masana'antar mai da iskar gas tana buƙatar hana lalata, hana zafi, hana gobara da sauran nau'ikan rufi don aiwatar da sabbin ayyuka. A lokaci guda, buƙata tana canzawa zuwa rufin aiki mai layi ɗaya. Tabbas, ba za a iya yin watsi da sakamakon annobar cutar coronavirus ba, wanda, a hanya, bai ƙare ba tukuna," in ji Maxim Dubrovsky, babban darektan kamfanin samar da rufin Rasha Akrus. "A ƙarƙashin hasashen rashin bege, ginin [a masana'antar mai da iskar gas] ba zai yi sauri kamar yadda aka tsara a baya ba."
Jihar tana ɗaukar matakai don ƙarfafa zuba jari da kuma cimma matakin da aka tsara na ginawa.”
Gasar da ba ta da tsada
A cewar Masana'antar Rufe Rufe, akwai akalla 'yan wasa 30 a kasuwar rufe fuska ta Rasha. Manyan 'yan wasan waje sune Hempel, Jotun, International Protective Coatings, Steelpaint, PPG Industries, Permatex, Teknos, da sauransu.
Manyan kamfanonin da ke samar da kayayyaki a Rasha sune Akrus, VMP, Russian Paints, Empils, Moscow Chemical Plant, ZM Volga da Raduga.
A cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, wasu kamfanonin da ba na Rasha ba, ciki har da Jotun, Hempel da PPG, sun samar da rufin hana tsatsa a Rasha. Akwai wata hujja ta tattalin arziki da ke bayan wannan shawarar. Lokacin da ake ɗauka na ƙaddamar da sabbin rufin hana tsatsa a kasuwar Rasha ya kama daga shekaru uku zuwa biyar, in ji Azamat Gareev, shugaban ZIT Rossilber.
A cewar Masana'antar Rufe-rufe, wannan ɓangaren kasuwar rufe-rufe ta Rasha za a iya kwatanta shi da oligopsony - wani nau'in kasuwa wanda adadin masu siye ƙanana ne. Sabanin haka, adadin masu siyarwa yana da yawa. Kowane mai siye na Rasha yana da takamaiman buƙatun cikin gida, dole ne masu samar da kayayyaki su bi su. Bambanci tsakanin buƙatun abokan ciniki na iya zama mai tsanani.
Sakamakon haka, wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan sassa na masana'antar rufin Rasha, inda farashin ba ya cikin manyan abubuwan da ke ƙayyade buƙatar.
Misali, Rosneft ta amince da nau'ikan rufin hana tsatsa 224, a cewar rajistar Rasha ta masu samar da rufin masana'antar mai da iskar gas. Don kwatantawa, Gazprom ta amince da rufin 55 yayin da Transneft ta amince da rufin 34 kawai.
A wasu sassan, kason shigo da kayayyaki ya yi yawa. Misali, kamfanonin Rasha suna shigo da kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na rufin da ake amfani da su a ƙasashen waje.
Dimitri Smirnov, babban darektan masana'antar sinadarai ta Moscow, ya ce gasar da ake yi a kasuwar Rasha game da rufin da ba ya lalata iska tana da ƙarfi sosai. Wannan yana tura kamfanin ya ci gaba da biyan buƙatunsa da kuma fara samar da sabbin layukan rufi duk bayan shekaru biyu. Kamfanin kuma yana gudanar da cibiyoyin sabis, yana kula da aikace-aikacen rufi, in ji shi.
"Kamfanonin rufe fuska na Rasha suna da isassun ƙarfin faɗaɗa samarwa, wanda zai rage shigo da kaya daga ƙasashen waje. Yawancin rufe fuska na kamfanonin mai da iskar gas, gami da waɗanda ake yi a ƙasashen waje, ana samar da su ne a masana'antun Rasha. A kwanakin nan, don inganta yanayin tattalin arziki, ga dukkan ƙasashe, yana da mahimmanci a ƙara yawan fitar da kayayyaki na samarwa da kansu," in ji Dubrobsky.
An lissafa karancin kayan da ake amfani da su wajen samar da rufin da ba ya lalata muhalli a cikin abubuwan da ke hana kamfanonin Rasha fadada hannun jarinsu a kasuwa, in ji rahoton Industrial Coatings, yana ambaton masu sharhi kan kasuwa na gida. Misali, akwai karancin isocyanates na aliphatic, resin epoxy, ƙurar zinc da wasu launuka.
"Masana'antar sinadarai ta dogara sosai kan kayan da aka shigo da su daga ƙasashen waje kuma tana da saurin kamuwa da farashinsu. Godiya ga ci gaban sabbin kayayyaki a Rasha da kuma maye gurbin shigo da kayayyaki daga ƙasashen waje, akwai kyawawan halaye dangane da samar da kayan da aka yi amfani da su ga masana'antar rufewa," in ji Dubrobsky.
"Ya zama dole a ƙara yawan aiki don yin gogayya, misali, da masu samar da kayayyaki na Asiya. Ana iya yin odar abubuwan cikawa, pigments, resins, musamman alkyd da epoxy, daga masana'antun Rasha. Kasuwar masu taurare isocyanate da ƙarin kayan aiki galibi ana samar da su ne ta hanyar shigo da kayayyaki. Dole ne a tattauna yiwuwar haɓaka samar da waɗannan abubuwan a matakin jiha."
Rufin da aka yi wa ayyukan ƙasashen waje a cikin hasken rana
Aikin farko na Rasha a bakin teku shine wurin samar da mai mai jure wa kankara na Prirazlomnaya a Tekun Pechora, kudu da Novaya Zemlya. Gazprom ya zaɓi Chartek 7 daga International Paint Ltd. An ruwaito cewa kamfanin ya sayi kilogiram 350,000 na rufi don kare dandamalin daga lalatawa.
Wata kamfanin mai na Rasha Lukoil tana gudanar da dandamalin Korchagin tun daga shekarar 2010 da kuma dandamalin Philanovskoe tun daga shekarar 2018, dukkansu a Tekun Caspian.
Jotun ya samar da rufin hana lalata a aikin farko da kuma Hempel a na biyu. A wannan sashe, buƙatun rufin suna da tsauri musamman, tunda gyaran lauyan rufin karkashin ruwa ba zai yiwu ba.
Bukatar rufewa mai hana tsatsa ga ɓangaren teku yana da alaƙa da makomar masana'antar mai da iskar gas ta duniya. Rasha ce ke da kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na albarkatun mai da iskar gas da ke ƙarƙashin shiryayyen Arctic da kuma mafi yawan wuraren ajiyar da aka bincika.
Idan aka kwatanta, Amurka tana da kashi 10 cikin 100 na albarkatun da aka tanadar, sai kuma Kanada, Denmark, Greenland da Norway, waɗanda suka raba sauran kashi 10 cikin 100 a tsakaninsu. An kiyasta cewa rijiyoyin mai da Rasha ta bincika a ƙasashen waje sun kai tan biliyan biyar na mai daidai da haka. Norway ita ce ta biyu a duniya da ke da tan biliyan ɗaya na ajiyar da aka tabbatar.
"Amma saboda dalilai da dama - na tattalin arziki da muhalli - waɗannan albarkatun ba za a iya dawo da su ba," in ji Anna Kireeva, mai sharhi kan kare muhalli ta Bellona. "A bisa kididdiga da yawa, buƙatar mai a duniya za ta iya ƙaruwa nan da shekaru huɗu daga yanzu, a shekarar 2023. Manyan kuɗaɗen saka hannun jari na gwamnati waɗanda aka gina su da mai suma suna janye hannun jari daga ɓangaren mai - wani mataki da zai iya haifar da sauyin jari a duniya daga man fetur yayin da gwamnatoci da masu zuba jari na cibiyoyi ke zuba kuɗi a cikin makamashin da ake sabuntawa."
A lokaci guda kuma, ana sa ran yawan amfani da iskar gas zai karu cikin shekaru 20 zuwa 30 masu zuwa - kuma iskar gas ta ƙunshi mafi yawan albarkatun Rasha ba wai kawai a kan yankin Arctic ba har ma a kan ƙasa. Shugaba Vladimir Putin ya ce yana da niyyar sanya Rasha ta zama babbar mai samar da iskar gas a duniya - wata dama da ba za a iya tsammani ba idan aka yi la'akari da yadda Moscow ke gogayya da Gabas ta Tsakiya, in ji Kireeva.
Duk da haka, kamfanonin mai na Rasha sun yi iƙirarin cewa aikin shiryayye zai zama makomar masana'antar mai da iskar gas ta Rasha.
Kamfanin ya ce, daya daga cikin manyan fannoni masu muhimmanci na Rosneft shine bunkasa albarkatun hydrocarbon a kan tsarin nahiyar.
A yau, lokacin da aka gano kuma aka haɓaka kusan dukkan manyan filayen mai da iskar gas na teku, kuma lokacin da fasahohi da samar da man shale ke ƙaruwa cikin sauri, gaskiyar cewa makomar samar da man fetur ta duniya tana kan shiryayyen nahiyar Tekun Duniya abin da ba za a iya musantawa ba ne, in ji Rosneft a cikin wata sanarwa a shafin yanar gizon ta. Shiryayyen Rasha yana da mafi girman yanki a duniya: Fiye da kilomita miliyan shida kuma Rosneft ita ce mafi girman mai lasisin shiryayyen nahiyar Rasha, in ji kamfanin.
Lokacin Saƙo: Afrilu-17-2024
