Tururin Mercury, diode mai fitar da haske (LED), da excimer fasaha ce ta fitilar warkar da UV daban-daban. Duk da cewa ana amfani da dukkan ukun a cikin hanyoyin photopolymerization daban-daban don haɗa tawada, shafi, manne, da extrusions, hanyoyin da ke samar da makamashin UV mai haskakawa, da kuma halayen fitowar spectral mai dacewa, sun bambanta gaba ɗaya. Fahimtar waɗannan bambance-bambancen yana da mahimmanci a cikin haɓaka aikace-aikace da tsari, zaɓin tushen warkar da UV, da haɗin kai.
Fitilun Tururi na Mercury
Fitilun lantarki masu amfani da wutar lantarki da kuma fitilun microwave marasa amfani da wutar lantarki suna cikin rukunin tururin mercury. Fitilun mercury wani nau'in fitilun matsakaici ne, masu fitar da iskar gas, inda ake tururin ƙaramin adadin sinadarin mercury da iskar da ba ta aiki ba zuwa cikin plasma a cikin bututun quartz mai rufewa. Plasma wani iskar gas ne mai yawan zafin jiki mai ion wanda ke iya gudanar da wutar lantarki. Ana samar da shi ta hanyar amfani da wutar lantarki tsakanin fitilolin lantarki guda biyu a cikin fitilar baka ko kuma ta hanyar amfani da na'urar sanyaya daki mai amfani da wutar lantarki a cikin wani katanga ko rami mai kama da tanda na microwave na gida. Da zarar an tururin, fitilun mercury yana fitar da haske mai faɗi a fadin hasken ultraviolet, bayyane, da kuma raƙuman infrared.
Idan aka yi la'akari da fitilar lantarki, ƙarfin lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi yana ba da wutar lantarki ga bututun quartz da aka rufe. Wannan makamashin yana tururi mercury zuwa plasma kuma yana sakin electrons daga atoms ɗin da aka tururi. Wani ɓangare na electrons (-) yana gudana zuwa electrode tungsten mai kyau ko anode (+) zuwa cikin da'irar lantarki ta tsarin UV. Atoms ɗin da suka rasa sabbin electrons suna zama cations masu ƙarfi (+) waɗanda ke gudana zuwa electrode tungsten ko cathode (-) na fitilar. Yayin da suke motsawa, cations suna buga atoms masu tsaka tsaki a cikin cakuda gas. Tasirin yana canja wurin electrons daga atoms masu tsaka tsaki zuwa cations. Yayin da cations ke samun electrons, suna faɗuwa cikin yanayin ƙarancin kuzari. Bambancin kuzari yana fita yayin da photons ke haskakawa daga bututun quartz. Muddin fitilar ta dace, ta sanyaya daidai, kuma ana aiki da ita a cikin rayuwarta mai amfani, samar da sabbin cations (+) da aka ƙirƙira koyaushe suna juyawa zuwa electrode mara kyau ko cathode (-), suna buga ƙarin atoms kuma suna samar da ci gaba da fitar da hasken UV. Fitilun microwave suna aiki iri ɗaya sai dai microwaves, wanda aka fi sani da mitoci na rediyo (RF), suna maye gurbin da'irar wutar lantarki. Tunda fitilun microwave ba su da electrodes na tungsten kuma kawai bututun quartz ne mai rufewa wanda ke ɗauke da mercury da iskar gas mara aiki, ana kiransu da electrode marasa lantarki.
Fitilun tururin mercury mai faɗi ko kuma mai faɗi suna fitar da hasken UV, suna ratsa raƙuman ultraviolet, waɗanda ake iya gani, da kuma na infrared, a daidai gwargwado. Sashen ultraviolet ɗin ya haɗa da gaurayen raƙuman UVC (200 zuwa 280 nm), UVB (280 zuwa 315 nm), UVA (315 zuwa 400 nm), da kuma UVV (400 zuwa 450 nm). Fitilun da ke fitar da hasken UVC a cikin raƙuman raƙuman ƙasa da 240 nm suna samar da ozone kuma suna buƙatar shaye-shaye ko tacewa.
Ana iya canza fitowar spectral na fitilar tururin mercury ta hanyar ƙara ƙananan adadin dopants, kamar: ƙarfe (Fe), gallium (Ga), gubar (Pb), tin (Sn), bismuth (Bi), ko indium (In). Ƙaramin ƙarfe da aka ƙara suna canza tsarin plasma kuma, sakamakon haka, kuzarin da aka saki lokacin da cations suka sami electrons. Fitilolin da aka ƙara ƙarfe ana kiransu da doped, additive, da ƙarfe halide. Yawancin tawada, shafi, manne, da extrusions da aka ƙera da UV an tsara su ne don dacewa da fitowar fitilun mercury- (Hg) ko ƙarfe (Fe). Fitilolin da aka yi da ƙarfe suna canza wani ɓangare na fitarwar UV zuwa tsayin tsayi, kusa da bayyane, wanda ke haifar da mafi kyawun shiga ta hanyar tsari mai kauri, mai launuka masu yawa. Tsarin UV da ke ɗauke da titanium dioxide yana da kyau ya warke da kyau tare da fitilun da aka yi da gallium (GA). Wannan saboda fitilun gallium suna canza wani muhimmin ɓangare na fitarwar UV zuwa tsawon tsayi fiye da 380 nm. Tunda ƙarin sinadarin titanium dioxide gabaɗaya ba sa shan haske sama da 380 nm, amfani da fitilun gallium tare da fararen tsari yana ba da damar ƙarin kuzarin UV ya sha ta hanyar masu haɓaka hasken rana maimakon masu ƙarawa.
Bayanan martaba na spectral suna ba wa masu tsarawa da masu amfani da ƙarshen hoto na yadda ake rarraba fitarwar haske don takamaiman ƙirar fitila a cikin bakan lantarki. Duk da cewa ƙarfe mai tururi da ƙarfe masu ƙari sun ayyana halayen radiation, daidai cakuda abubuwan da iskar gas mara aiki a cikin bututun quartz tare da tsarin ginin fitila da tsarin warkarwa duk suna tasiri ga fitowar UV. Fitowar bakan fitilar da ba ta haɗaka ba wacce mai samar da fitila ke amfani da ita kuma ake auna ta a sararin samaniya za ta sami fitowar bakan daban fiye da fitilar da aka ɗora a cikin kan fitila tare da na'urar haskakawa da sanyaya da aka tsara yadda ya kamata. Bayanan martaba na spectral suna samuwa cikin sauƙi daga masu samar da tsarin UV, kuma suna da amfani wajen haɓaka tsari da zaɓar fitila.
Tsarin bayanin haske na yau da kullun yana nuna hasken haske na spectral akan axis y da kuma tsawon rai akan axis x. Ana iya nuna hasken haske na spectral ta hanyoyi da yawa, gami da ƙimar cikakken (misali W/cm2/nm) ko ma'aunin da ba a saba ba, dangi, ko wanda aka daidaita (ba tare da raka'a ba). Bayanan martaba galibi suna nuna bayanan a matsayin jadawalin layi ko kuma a matsayin jadawalin sandar da ke haɗa fitarwa zuwa madaukai 10 nm. Jadawalin fitarwa na fitilar arc na mercury mai zuwa yana nuna hasken haske na dangi dangane da tsawon rai na tsarin GEW (Hoto na 1).
HOTO NA 1 »Jadawalin fitarwa na spectral don mercury da iron.
Fitilar ita ce kalmar da ake amfani da ita wajen nufin bututun quartz mai fitar da UV a Turai da Asiya, yayin da Amurkawa ta Arewa da Kudancin Amurka ke amfani da cakuda kwan fitila da fitila mai canzawa. Fitilar da kan fitila duk suna nufin cikakken taro wanda ke ɗauke da bututun quartz da duk sauran kayan aikin injiniya da lantarki.
Fitilun Arc na Elektrode
Tsarin fitilar arc na lantarki ya ƙunshi kan fitila, fanka mai sanyaya ko sanyi, samar da wutar lantarki, da kuma hanyar sadarwa ta injin ɗan adam (HMI). Kan fitilar ya haɗa da fitila (kwan fitila), mai nuna haske, akwatin ƙarfe ko gida, haɗa rufewa, kuma wani lokacin taga tagulla ko mai tsaron waya. GEW tana ɗora bututun quartz ɗinta, masu nuna haske, da hanyoyin rufewa a cikin kayan kaset waɗanda za a iya cire su cikin sauƙi daga kaset ɗin kan fitilar waje ko gida. Cire kaset ɗin GEW yawanci ana yin sa cikin daƙiƙa kaɗan ta amfani da makunnin Allen guda ɗaya. Saboda fitowar UV, girman kan fitilar gabaɗaya da siffarsa, fasalulluka na tsarin, da buƙatun kayan aiki na taimako sun bambanta dangane da aikace-aikace da kasuwa, tsarin fitilar arc na lantarki gabaɗaya an tsara su ne don wani nau'in aikace-aikace ko nau'ikan injina makamancin haka.
Fitilun tururin Mercury suna fitar da haske mai digiri 360 daga bututun quartz. Tsarin fitilar arc suna amfani da masu haskakawa waɗanda ke gefuna da bayan fitilar don kamawa da kuma mayar da hankali kan hasken zuwa wani takamaiman nisa a gaban kan fitilar. Wannan nisa ana kiransa da mai da hankali kuma shine inda hasken ya fi yawa. Fitilun arc yawanci suna fitar da haske tsakanin 5 zuwa 12 W/cm2 a wurin mai da hankali. Tunda kusan kashi 70% na fitowar UV daga kan fitilar ta fito ne daga mai da hankali, yana da mahimmanci a kiyaye masu haskakawa a tsaftace su kuma a maye gurbinsu lokaci-lokaci. Rashin tsaftacewa ko maye gurbin masu haskakawa abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare ga rashin isasshen magani.
Tsawon shekaru sama da 30, GEW tana inganta ingancin tsarin warkarwa, tana keɓance fasaloli da fitarwa don biyan buƙatun takamaiman aikace-aikace da kasuwanni, da kuma haɓaka babban fayil na kayan haɗin kai. Sakamakon haka, abubuwan da ake samarwa na kasuwanci na yau daga GEW sun haɗa da ƙananan ƙirar gidaje, masu haskakawa waɗanda aka inganta don ƙarin haske na UV da rage infrared, hanyoyin rufewa masu shiru, siket da ramuka na yanar gizo, ciyar da yanar gizo na clam-shell, inertion na nitrogen, kawunan da aka matsa da kyau, hanyar sadarwa ta mai aiki da allon taɓawa, samar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi, ingantaccen aiki, sa ido kan fitarwa na UV, da sa ido kan tsarin nesa.
Lokacin da fitilun lantarki masu matsakaicin matsin lamba ke aiki, zafin saman quartz yana tsakanin 600 °C da 800 °C, kuma zafin plasma na ciki yana da digiri dubu da yawa na Celsius. Iska mai tilastawa ita ce babbar hanyar kiyaye yanayin zafin da fitilar ke aiki da shi da kuma cire wasu daga cikin makamashin infrared mai haskakawa. GEW yana samar da wannan iskar ba daidai ba; wannan yana nufin iska tana jan ta cikin kabad, tare da reflector da fitilar, kuma tana ƙarewa daga haɗuwa da nesa da na'urar ko saman maganin. Wasu tsarin GEW kamar E4C suna amfani da sanyaya ruwa, wanda ke ba da damar ɗan ƙara yawan fitowar UV kuma yana rage girman kan fitilar gaba ɗaya.
Fitilun arc na lantarki suna da zagayowar ɗumi da sanyi. Ana buga fitilun da ƙaramin sanyaya. Wannan yana ba da damar plasma na mercury ya tashi zuwa zafin aiki da ake so, yana samar da electrons da cations kyauta, kuma yana ba da damar kwararar wutar lantarki. Lokacin da aka kashe kan fitilar, sanyayawar tana ci gaba da aiki na ƴan mintuna don sanyaya bututun quartz daidai gwargwado. Fitilar da ta yi zafi sosai ba za ta sake bugawa ba kuma dole ne ta ci gaba da sanyaya. Tsawon zagayowar farawa da sanyi, da kuma lalacewar electrodes a lokacin kowane bugun wutar lantarki shine dalilin da ya sa ake haɗa hanyoyin rufewa na pneumatic koyaushe cikin haɗa fitilun arc na GEW. Hoto na 2 yana nuna fitilun arc na lantarki masu sanyaya iska (E2C) da masu sanyaya ruwa (E4C).
HOTO NA 2 »Fitilun lantarki masu sanyaya ruwa (E4C) da kuma masu sanyaya iska (E2C).
Fitilun LED na UV
Semi-conductors kayan aiki ne masu ƙarfi, masu lu'ulu'u waɗanda ke da ɗan aiki. Wutar lantarki tana ratsa ta cikin semiconductor fiye da insulator, amma ba kamar ƙarfe ba. Semi-conductors waɗanda ke faruwa ta halitta amma ba su da inganci sun haɗa da abubuwan silicon, germanium, da selenium. Semi-conductors da aka ƙera da roba waɗanda aka ƙera don fitarwa da inganci kayan haɗin gwiwa ne waɗanda ke da ƙazanta a cikin tsarin lu'ulu'u. A yanayin UV LEDs, aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN) abu ne da ake amfani da shi akai-akai.
Semi-conductors muhimmin abu ne a cikin na'urorin lantarki na zamani kuma an ƙera su don samar da transistors, diodes, diodes masu fitar da haske, da ƙananan na'urori masu sarrafawa. Ana haɗa na'urorin Semi-conductor cikin da'irar lantarki kuma ana sanya su a cikin kayayyaki kamar wayoyin hannu, kwamfyutocin tafi-da-gidanka, kwamfutar hannu, kayan aiki, jiragen sama, motoci, na'urorin sarrafawa na nesa, har ma da kayan wasan yara. Waɗannan ƙananan abubuwa masu ƙarfi suna sa kayayyakin yau da kullun su yi aiki yayin da kuma suna ba da damar abubuwa su zama ƙanana, siriri, nauyi mai sauƙi, kuma su fi araha.
A cikin yanayin musamman na LEDs, kayan semi-conductor da aka tsara daidai kuma aka ƙera suna fitar da ƙananan igiyoyin haske idan aka haɗa su da tushen wutar lantarki na DC. Ana samar da hasken ne kawai lokacin da wutar lantarki ke gudana daga anode mai kyau (+) zuwa cathode mara kyau (-) na kowane LED. Tunda fitowar LED tana da sauri da sauƙi kuma tana da sauƙin sarrafawa kuma kusan monochromatic, LEDs sun fi dacewa don amfani kamar: fitilun nuni; siginar sadarwa ta infrared; hasken baya don talabijin, kwamfyutocin tafi-da-gidanka, allunan hannu, da wayoyin komai da ruwanka; alamun lantarki, allunan talla, da jumbotrons; da kuma warkar da UV.
LED shine mahaɗin da ke da kyau da mara kyau (mahadar pn). Wannan yana nufin cewa wani ɓangare na LED yana da caji mai kyau kuma ana kiransa anode (+), ɗayan ɓangaren kuma yana da caji mai kyau kuma ana kiransa cathode (-). Duk da yake ɓangarorin biyu suna da juriya, iyakar mahaɗin inda ɓangarorin biyu suka haɗu, wanda aka sani da yankin raguwa, ba mai watsawa ba ne. Idan aka haɗa tashar wutar lantarki mai kyau (+) ta tushen wutar lantarki kai tsaye (DC) zuwa anode (+) na LED, kuma tashar wutar lantarki mai kyau (-) ta tushen ta haɗu da cathode (-), electrons masu caji mara kyau a cikin cathode da guraben electrons masu caji mai kyau a cikin anode ana ture su ta hanyar tushen wutar lantarki kuma ana tura su zuwa yankin raguwa. Wannan nuna bambanci ne na gaba, kuma yana da tasirin shawo kan iyaka mara watsawa. Sakamakon shine electrons masu kyauta a yankin nau'in n suna ketarewa suna cike guraben a yankin nau'in p. Yayin da electrons ke gudana a kan iyaka, suna canzawa zuwa yanayin ƙarancin kuzari. Ana fitar da raguwar kuzari daga semi-conductor a matsayin photons na haske.
Kayan aiki da abubuwan da ke samar da tsarin hasken LED suna tantance fitowar hasken. A yau, hanyoyin magance hasken LED da ake da su a kasuwa suna da fitowar hasken ultraviolet a tsakiya a 365, 385, 395, da 405 nm, juriya ta yau da kullun ta ±5 nm, da kuma rarraba hasken Gaussian. Girman hasken hasken kololuwa (W/cm2/nm), mafi girman kololuwar lanƙwasa na kararrawa. Yayin da ci gaban UVC ke gudana tsakanin 275 da 285 nm, fitarwa, rayuwa, aminci, da farashi ba su da amfani ga kasuwanci har yanzu don tsarin warkarwa da aikace-aikace.
Tunda fitarwar UV-LED a halin yanzu tana iyakance ga tsawon tsayin tsayin UVA, tsarin warkarwa na UV-LED baya fitar da siffa ta broadband spectral na fitilun tururin mercury mai matsakaicin matsin lamba. Wannan yana nufin cewa tsarin warkarwa na UV-LED ba ya fitar da UVC, UVB, hasken da ake gani sosai, da kuma tsawon tsayin infrared mai samar da zafi. Duk da cewa wannan yana ba da damar amfani da tsarin warkarwa na UV-LED a aikace-aikace masu saurin zafi, dole ne a sake fasalin tawada, shafi, da manne da aka ƙera don fitilun mercury masu matsakaicin matsin lamba don tsarin warkarwa na UV-LED. Abin farin ciki, masu samar da sinadarai suna ƙara ƙira tayin azaman warkarwa biyu. Wannan yana nufin cewa tsarin warkarwa biyu da aka yi niyya don warkarwa da fitilar UV-LED shi ma zai warke da fitilar tururin mercury (Hoto na 3).
HOTO NA 3 »Jadawalin fitarwa na LED.
Tsarin hasken UV-LED na GEW yana fitar da har zuwa 30 W/cm2 a tagar mai fitar da haske. Ba kamar fitilun lantarki ba, tsarin hasken UV-LED ba ya haɗa da masu haskaka haske waɗanda ke jagorantar hasken zuwa wani wuri mai ƙarfi. Sakamakon haka, hasken UV-LED mai ƙarfi yana faruwa kusa da tagar mai fitar da haske. Hasken UV-LED da ke fitarwa sun bambanta da juna yayin da nisan da ke tsakanin kan fitilar da saman maganin ke ƙaruwa. Wannan yana rage yawan haske da girman hasken da ke isa saman maganin. Duk da cewa hasken kololuwa yana da mahimmanci don haɗin gwiwa, hasken da ke ƙaruwa ba koyaushe yake da amfani ba kuma yana iya hana yawan haɗin gwiwa. Tsawon raƙuman ruwa (nm), hasken (W/cm2) da yawan kuzari (J/cm2) duk suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen warkarwa, kuma ya kamata a fahimci tasirinsu na haɗin gwiwa akan warkarwa da kyau yayin zaɓin tushen UV-LED.
LEDs tushen Lambertian ne. A wata ma'anar, kowane UV LED yana fitar da fitarwa iri ɗaya a gaba a fadin cikakken hemisphere 360° x 180°. Yawancin UV LEDs, kowannensu a kan tsari na murabba'in milimita, an shirya su a jere ɗaya, matrix na layuka da ginshiƙai, ko wani tsari. Waɗannan ƙananan haɗuwa, waɗanda aka sani da modules ko jeri, an ƙera su da tazara tsakanin LEDs wanda ke tabbatar da haɗuwa a kan gibba kuma yana sauƙaƙa sanyaya diode. Sannan ana shirya kayayyaki ko jeri da yawa a cikin manyan haɗuwa don samar da girma dabam-dabam na tsarin warkarwa na UV (Figures 4 da 5). Ƙarin abubuwan da ake buƙata don gina tsarin warkarwa na UV-LED sun haɗa da wurin nutsewa mai zafi, taga mai fitarwa, direbobin lantarki, kayan wutar lantarki na DC, tsarin sanyaya ruwa ko sanyi, da kuma hanyar haɗin injin ɗan adam (HMI).
HOTO NA 4 »Tsarin LeoLED don yanar gizo.
HOTO NA 5 »Tsarin LeoLED don shigarwar fitilolin da yawa masu sauri.
Tunda tsarin warkarwa na UV-LED ba ya haskaka tsawon infrared. A dabi'ance suna canja wurin ƙarancin kuzarin zafi zuwa saman warkarwa fiye da fitilun tururin mercury, amma wannan ba yana nufin ya kamata a ɗauki hasken UV LEDs a matsayin fasahar warkar da sanyi ba. Tsarin warkarwa na UV-LED na iya fitar da hasken rana mai tsayi sosai, kuma tsawon hasken ultraviolet wani nau'i ne na kuzari. Duk wani fitarwa da sinadaran ba su sha ba zai dumama ɓangaren da ke ƙasa ko substrate da kuma sassan injin da ke kewaye.
LEDs na UV suma kayan lantarki ne masu ƙarancin inganci waɗanda ƙirar da aka ƙera da ƙera su da kuma hanyoyin kera da abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su don haɗa LEDs zuwa babban na'urar warkarwa. Yayin da zafin bututun quartz na mercury tururi dole ne a riƙe shi tsakanin 600 zuwa 800 °C yayin aiki, zafin haɗin LED pn dole ne ya kasance ƙasa da 120 °C. Kashi 35-50% na wutar lantarki da ke ba da wutar lantarki ga jerin UV-LED ana canza shi zuwa fitarwa ta ultraviolet (ya dogara da tsayi sosai). Sauran an canza shi zuwa zafi mai zafi wanda dole ne a cire shi don kiyaye zafin haɗin da ake so da kuma tabbatar da takamaiman hasken tsarin, yawan kuzari, da daidaito, da kuma tsawon rai. LEDs na'urori ne masu ƙarfi na dindindin, kuma haɗa LEDs cikin manyan taruka tare da tsarin sanyaya da aka tsara da kyau yana da mahimmanci don cimma ƙayyadaddun bayanai na tsawon rai. Ba duk tsarin warkar da UV iri ɗaya bane, kuma tsarin warkar da UV-LED wanda ba a tsara shi da kyau ba yana da yuwuwar zafi da lalacewa ta hanyar bala'i.
Fitilun Arc/LED Hybrid
A kowace kasuwa inda aka gabatar da sabuwar fasaha a matsayin madadin fasahar da ake da ita, akwai fargaba game da karɓuwa da kuma shakku game da aiki. Masu amfani da za su iya yin amfani da ita sau da yawa suna jinkirta karɓuwa har sai an sami ingantattun hanyoyin shigarwa, an buga nazarin shari'o'i, shaidu masu kyau sun fara yawo a cikin taro, da/ko kuma sun sami gogewa ta hannu ko nassoshi daga mutane da kamfanonin da suka sani kuma suka amince da su. Sau da yawa ana buƙatar shaidu masu ƙarfi kafin duk kasuwa ta bar tsohuwar da kuma cikakkiyar sauye-sauye zuwa sabuwar. Ba ya taimaka cewa labaran nasara sun zama sirrin ɓoye saboda masu fara amfani da su ba sa son masu fafatawa su sami fa'idodi iri ɗaya. Sakamakon haka, labaran takaici na gaske da na ƙari na iya sake bayyana a duk faɗin kasuwa suna ɓoye ainihin fa'idodin sabuwar fasaha da kuma jinkirta karɓuwa.
A tsawon tarihi, kuma a matsayin wani abu da ya saba wa rashin son amfani da shi, an saba rungumar ƙirar haɗin gwiwa a matsayin gadar canji tsakanin fasahar da ke kan mulki da sabuwar fasaha. Haɗin gwiwar yana bawa masu amfani damar samun kwarin gwiwa da kuma tantance wa kansu yadda da kuma lokacin da ya kamata a yi amfani da sabbin kayayyaki ko hanyoyi, ba tare da yin watsi da ƙarfin halin yanzu ba. A yanayin warkar da UV, tsarin haɗin gwiwa yana bawa masu amfani damar musanya tsakanin fitilun tururin mercury da fasahar LED cikin sauri da sauƙi. Ga layukan da ke da tashoshin warkarwa da yawa, haɗin gwiwar yana ba da damar matsewa su yi aiki da 100% LED, 100% mercury tururi, ko duk wani haɗin fasahar biyu da ake buƙata don wani aiki.
GEW tana ba da tsarin haɗakar arc/LED ga masu canza yanar gizo. An ƙirƙiri mafita don babbar kasuwa ta GEW, wacce take da kunkuntar yanar gizo, amma ƙirar haɗakar kuma tana da amfani a wasu aikace-aikacen yanar gizo da waɗanda ba na yanar gizo ba (Hoto na 6). Arc/LED ya haɗa da wurin haɗin kan fitila wanda zai iya ɗaukar tururin mercury ko kaset ɗin LED. Dukansu kaset suna gudana daga tsarin iko da sarrafawa na duniya. Hankali a cikin tsarin yana ba da damar bambancewa tsakanin nau'ikan kaset kuma yana samar da wutar lantarki, sanyaya, da hanyar sadarwa ta mai aiki ta atomatik. Cire ko shigar da ɗayan kaset ɗin mercury ko LED na GEW yawanci ana yin sa cikin daƙiƙa kaɗan ta amfani da makulli guda ɗaya na Allen.
HOTO NA 6 »Tsarin Arc/LED don yanar gizo.
Fitilun Excimer
Fitilun Excimer nau'in fitila ne da ke fitar da iskar gas wanda ke fitar da makamashin ultraviolet mai kama da monochromatic. Duk da cewa ana samun fitilun excimer a cikin raƙuman ruwa da yawa, fitowar ultraviolet ta yau da kullun tana tsakiyar 172, 222, 308, da 351 nm. Fitilun excimer na 172-nm suna faɗuwa a cikin madaurin UV mai tsabta (100 zuwa 200 nm), yayin da 222 nm kawai ke faɗuwa a cikin madaurin UV mai tsabta (200 zuwa 280 nm). Fitilun excimer na 308-nm suna fitar da UVB (280 zuwa 315 nm), kuma 351 nm yana da ƙarfi sosai UVA (315 zuwa 400 nm).
Tsawon tsayin UV mai tsawon nm 172 ya fi guntu kuma yana ɗauke da kuzari fiye da UVC; duk da haka, suna fama da shiga cikin abubuwa masu zurfi sosai. A gaskiya ma, tsawon tsayin nm 172 suna sha gaba ɗaya a cikin manyan 10 zuwa 200 nm na sinadaran da UV ta ƙera. Sakamakon haka, fitilun excimer mai tsawon nm 172 za su haɗu ne kawai da saman saman samfuran UV kuma dole ne a haɗa su tare da sauran na'urori masu warkarwa. Tunda tsawon tsayin UV mai tsawon inci 172 suma suna sha ta iska, dole ne a yi amfani da fitilun excimer mai tsawon nm 172 a cikin yanayi mai amfani da nitrogen.
Yawancin fitilun excimer suna ƙunshe da bututun quartz wanda ke aiki a matsayin shingen dielectric. Bututun yana cike da iskar gas mai wuya wanda zai iya samar da ƙwayoyin excimer ko exciplex (Hoto na 7). Iskar gas daban-daban suna samar da ƙwayoyin halitta daban-daban, kuma ƙwayoyin halitta daban-daban masu motsawa suna tantance waɗanne tsawon rai ne fitilar ke fitarwa. Electrode mai ƙarfin lantarki mai yawa yana gudana tare da tsawon ciki na bututun quartz, kuma lantarki na ƙasa suna gudana tare da tsawon waje. Ana tura wutar lantarki cikin fitilar a manyan mitoci. Wannan yana sa electrons su gudana a cikin electrode na ciki kuma su fitar da su ta cikin cakuda gas zuwa ga electrodes na ƙasa na waje. Wannan abin da ya faru na kimiyya ana kiransa da discharge barrier dielectric (DBD). Yayin da electrons ke tafiya ta cikin iskar gas, suna hulɗa da atoms kuma suna ƙirƙirar nau'ikan da ke da kuzari ko ionized waɗanda ke samar da ƙwayoyin excimer ko exciplex. Kwayoyin excimer da exciplex suna da ɗan gajeren rai, kuma yayin da suke ruɓewa daga yanayin da ke cikin farin ciki zuwa yanayin ƙasa, ana fitar da photons na rarrabawar quasi-monochromatic.
HOTO NA 7 »Fitilar Excimer
Ba kamar fitilun tururin mercury ba, saman bututun quartz na fitilar excimer ba ya yin zafi. Sakamakon haka, yawancin fitilun excimer suna aiki ba tare da sanyaya ba ko kaɗan. A wasu lokuta, ana buƙatar ƙarancin sanyaya wanda yawanci iskar nitrogen ke samarwa. Saboda yanayin zafi na fitilar, fitilun excimer suna 'KUN/KASHE' nan take kuma ba sa buƙatar zagayowar dumama ko sanyaya.
Lokacin da aka haɗa fitilun excimer masu haske a 172 nm tare da tsarin curing UVA-LED mai siffar quasi-monochromatic da fitilun broadband mercury, ana samar da tasirin saman matting. Ana amfani da fitilun UVA LED da farko don haɗa sinadaran. Sannan ana amfani da fitilun excimer masu siffar quasi-monochromatic don haɗa saman polymer, kuma a ƙarshe fitilun mercury masu siffar broadband suna haɗa sauran sinadaran. Fitowar spectral na musamman na fasahohin guda uku da aka yi amfani da su a matakai daban-daban suna ba da tasirin gani da aiki mai amfani wanda ba za a iya cimma shi da kowane tushen UV shi kaɗai ba.
Raƙuman Excimer masu tsawon 172 da 222 nm suma suna da tasiri wajen lalata abubuwa masu haɗari na halitta da ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa, wanda hakan ke sa fitilun excimer su zama masu amfani wajen tsaftace saman, tsaftace ƙasa, da kuma magance makamashin saman.
Rayuwar Fitilar
Dangane da tsawon lokacin fitila ko kwan fitila, fitilun GEW gabaɗaya suna aiki har zuwa awanni 2,000. Tsawon lokacin fitilar ba cikakke ba ne, domin fitowar UV a hankali yana raguwa akan lokaci kuma yana shafar abubuwa daban-daban. Tsarin da ingancin fitilar, da kuma yanayin aiki na tsarin UV da kuma amsawar tsarin suna da mahimmanci. Tsarin UV da aka tsara da kyau yana tabbatar da cewa an samar da ingantaccen wutar lantarki da sanyaya da ake buƙata ta takamaiman ƙirar fitila (kwan fitila).
Fitilun da GEW ke samarwa (kwan fitila) koyaushe suna samar da tsawon rai idan aka yi amfani da su a tsarin matsewar GEW. Tushen samar da kayayyaki na biyu gabaɗaya sun yi amfani da fitilar daga samfurin, kuma kwafin bazai ƙunshi daidai da ma'aunin ƙarshen ba, diamita na quartz, abun ciki na mercury, ko cakuda iskar gas, wanda duk zai iya shafar fitowar UV da samar da zafi. Lokacin da samar da zafi bai daidaita ba daga sanyaya tsarin, fitilar tana shan wahala a duka fitarwa da rayuwa. Fitilun da ke aiki da sanyaya suna fitar da ƙarancin UV. Fitilun da ke aiki da zafi ba sa ɗorewa kamar haka kuma suna jujjuyawa a yanayin zafi mai yawa.
Rayuwar fitilun lantarki na lantarki yana iyakance ne da zafin aiki na fitilar, adadin lokutan aiki, da kuma adadin farawa ko bugawa. Duk lokacin da aka buga fitila da babban ƙarfin lantarki yayin kunnawa, ɗan ƙaramin electrode na tungsten zai lalace. Daga ƙarshe, fitilar ba za ta sake bugawa ba. Fitilolin lantarki na lantarki sun haɗa da hanyoyin rufewa waɗanda, idan aka kunna su, suna toshe fitowar UV a madadin sake kunna wutar fitilar akai-akai. Ƙarin tawada mai amsawa, rufi, da manne na iya haifar da tsawon rai na fitila; yayin da, ƙarancin tsarin amsawa na iya buƙatar ƙarin canje-canje na fitila akai-akai.
Tsarin UV-LED yana da tsayi fiye da fitilun gargajiya, amma rayuwar UV-LED ba ta da tabbas. Kamar yadda yake da fitilun gargajiya, UV LEDs suna da iyaka game da yadda za a iya tuƙa su da ƙarfi kuma gabaɗaya dole ne su yi aiki tare da yanayin zafi ƙasa da 120 °C. LEDs masu tuƙi da yawa da LEDs marasa sanyaya za su lalata rayuwa, wanda ke haifar da lalacewa cikin sauri ko gazawar bala'i. Ba duk masu samar da tsarin UV-LED a halin yanzu suna ba da ƙira waɗanda suka dace da mafi girman tsawon rai a cikin sama da awanni 20,000 ba. Tsarin da aka tsara da kulawa mafi kyau zai daɗe fiye da awanni 20,000, kuma tsarin da ba shi da kyau zai lalace a cikin tagogi masu gajeru. Labari mai daɗi shine ƙirar tsarin LED yana ci gaba da ingantawa kuma yana ɗorewa tsawon lokaci tare da kowane maimaita ƙira.
Ozon
Idan gajerun raƙuman ruwa na UVC suka shafi ƙwayoyin oxygen (O2), suna haifar da rabuwar ƙwayoyin oxygen (O2) zuwa ƙwayoyin oxygen guda biyu (O). Sannan ƙwayoyin oxygen masu 'yanci (O2) su yi karo da sauran ƙwayoyin oxygen (O2) su samar da ozone (O3). Tunda trioxygen (O3) ba shi da ƙarfi sosai a matakin ƙasa fiye da dioxygen (O2), ozone yana komawa cikin kwayar oxygen (O2) da kuma kwayar oxygen (O2) yayin da yake shawagi ta cikin iskar yanayi. Sannan ƙwayoyin oxygen masu 'yanci (O2) su sake haɗuwa da juna a cikin tsarin sharar don samar da ƙwayoyin oxygen (O2).
Don aikace-aikacen warkar da UV a masana'antu, ana samar da ozone (O3) lokacin da iskar oxygen ta yi hulɗa da raƙuman ultraviolet a ƙasa da 240 nm. Majiyoyin warkar da tururin mercury mai sauri suna fitar da UVC tsakanin 200 zuwa 280 nm, wanda ke rufe wani ɓangare na yankin da ke samar da ozone, kuma fitilun excimer suna fitar da UV mai iska a 172 nm ko UVC a 222 nm. Ozone da aka ƙirƙira ta tururin mercury da fitilun warkar da excimer ba su da ƙarfi kuma ba wani muhimmin abin damuwa ga muhalli ba ne, amma ya zama dole a cire shi daga yankin da ke kewaye da ma'aikata domin yana haifar da haushi ga numfashi kuma yana da guba a manyan matakai. Tunda tsarin warkar da UV-LED na kasuwanci yana fitar da fitarwar UVA tsakanin 365 da 405 nm, ba a samar da ozone ba.
Ozone yana da wari iri ɗaya da warin ƙarfe, wayar da ke ƙonewa, sinadarin chlorine, da kuma walƙiyar lantarki. Jin ƙamshi na ɗan adam na iya gano ozone ƙasa da kashi 0.01 zuwa 0.03 a kowace miliyan (ppm). Duk da yake ya bambanta dangane da mutum da matakin aiki, yawan da ya wuce 0.4 ppm na iya haifar da mummunan tasirin numfashi da ciwon kai. Ya kamata a sanya isasshen iska a kan layukan warkar da UV don iyakance fallasa ma'aikata ga ozone.
Tsarin tsaftace hasken rana gabaɗaya an tsara shi ne don ya ƙunshi iskar shaƙa yayin da yake barin kan fitilun don haka za a iya fitar da shi daga masu aiki da kuma wajen ginin inda yake lalacewa ta halitta idan akwai iskar oxygen da hasken rana. A madadin haka, fitilun da ba su da ozone suna ɗauke da wani ƙarin quartz wanda ke toshe raƙuman ruwa da ke samar da ozone, kuma wuraren da ke son guje wa bututu ko yanke ramuka a rufin galibi suna amfani da matattara a kan hanyar fita daga fanfunan shaƙa.
Lokacin Saƙo: Yuni-19-2024
